Medicinal plants and their importance for the conservation of biocultural knowledge in primary school students of the Paniquita Indigenous Community (Rivera, Huila, Colombia) / Plantas medicinales y su importancia para la conservación del conocimiento biocultural en estudiantes de primaria de la Comunidad Indígena Paniquita (Rivera, Huila, Colombia)

Ethnobotany approached through ethnoeducation allows for the preservation of the cultural heritage of indigenous communities. In this way, the ethnobotanical knowledge of primary school students from the Paniquita Indigenous Community was recognized, regarding the cultural knowledge of medicinal plants and their significance in the conservation of the biocultural heritage. This research had a qualitative, ethnographic approach. The sample consisted of ten students who were part of a focus group, ethnobotanical walks, and participatory workshops with drawings since they stimulate students' creative and dynamic thinking and strengthen interculturality. Twenty-one plants were reported, which are used to relieve sore throats, headaches, and stomach aches, as well as to treat diarrhea and fever, to prevent flu, and as a purgative. All the medicinal plants mentioned grow in the community and are either cultivated or wild, which also shows the students' knowledge of the ir territory. These findings reflect the importance of ethno-education and ethnobotany at school and how historical reconstruction processes are generated from these settings, where indigenous ancestral knowledge is made visible.

La etnobotánica abordada desde la etnoeducación permite mantener el legado cultural de los pueblos originarios. De esta manera, se reconoció el conocimiento etnobotáni co de los estudiantes de primaria de la Comunidad Indígena Paniquita, sobre el conocimiento cultural de las plantas medicinales y su importancia para la conservación del patrimonio biocultural. La investigación tuvo un enfoque cualitativo y etnográfico. La muestra estuvo conformada por diez estudiantes que formaron parte de un grupo focal, caminatas etnobotánicas y talleres participativos con dibujos, ya que estimulan el pensamiento creativo y dinámico de los estudiantes y fortalecen la interculturalidad. Se reportaron 21 plantas que se utilizan para aliviar dolores de garganta, cabeza y estómago, así como para tratar la diarrea y la fiebre, para prevenir la gripe y como purgante. Todas las plantas medicinales mencionadas crecen en la comunidad y son cultivadas o silvestres, lo que también demuestra el conocimiento que los estudiantes tienen de su territorio. Estos hallazgos reflejan la importancia de la etnoeducación y la etnobotánica en la escuela y cómo se generan procesos de reconstrucción histórica desde estos escenarios, donde se visibiliza el conocimiento ancestral indígena.

Plantas medicinais da caatinga: uma revisão integrativa dos saberes etnobotânicos no semiárido nordestino / Medicinal plants from the caatinga: an integrative review of ethnobotanical knowledge in the northeastern semi- arid region / Plantas medicinales de la caatinga: una revisión integradora del conocimiento etnobotánico en la región semiárida nororiental

A vegetação da Caatinga é rica em uma diversidade de espécies vegetais utilizadas para satisfazer as necessidades humana. Muitas dessas espécies são utilizadas para fins terapêuticos por populações. As formas de uso dessas espécies podem ser registradas e resgatadas através de estudos etnobotânicos, os quais contribuem no levantamento das potencialidades dos recursos vegetais, bem como em planos de recuperação e conservação da vegetação. Assim, com base em uma revisão integrativa, o presente trabalho buscou copilar informações sobre como os trabalhos de etnobotânica das plantas medicinais estão sendo desenvolvidos, assim como a respeito das principais espécies e famílias botânicas de potencial medicinal descritas, em levantamentos realizados em áreas caatinga localizadas na região semiárida do Nordeste. Para isso, foram selecionados artigos publicados entre os anos de 2010 e 2022, que abordassem a temática relacionada. Foram considerados trabalhos publicados no formato de artigos originais, disponíveis de forma online, gratuito e completo, em língua portuguesa e inglesa. Esses artigos foram consultados em diferentes bases de dados. A análise integrativa evidenciou as características das publicações, como a concentração de estudos direcionados aos estados da Bahia, Paraíba e Pernambuco, bem como demonstrou uma rica diversidade de plantas medicinais que são utilizadas pela população no semiárido nordestino, destacando-se, principalmente, os saberes tradicionais sobre as suas formas de uso e propriedades terapêuticas.

The Caatinga vegetation is rich in a diversity of plant species used to satisfy human needs. Many of these species are used for therapeutic purposes by populations. The forms of use of these species can be registered and rescued through ethnobotanical studies, which contribute to the survey of the potential of plant resources, as well as plans for the recovery and conservation of vegetation. Thus, based on an integrative review, the present work sought to compile information on how ethnobotany works on medicinal plants are being developed, as well as on the main species and botanical families with medicinal potential described, in surveys carried out in caatinga areas located in the semi-arid region of the Northeast. For this, articles published between the years 2010 and 2022 that addressed the related theme were selected. Works published in the format of original articles, available online, free and complete, in Portuguese and English, were considered. These articles were consulted in different databases. The integrative analysis showed the characteristics of the publications, such as the concentration of studies directed to the states of Bahia, Paraíba and Pernambuco, as well as demonstrating a rich diversity of medicinal plants that are used by the population in the northeastern semi-arid region, highlighting, mainly, the knowledge traditional practices about their forms of use and therapeutic properties.

La vegetación de la Caatinga es rica en una diversidad de especies vegetales utilizadas para satisfacer las necesidades humanas. Muchas de estas especies son utilizadas con fines terapéuticos por las poblaciones. Las formas de uso de estas especies pueden ser registradas y rescatadas a través de estudios etnobotánicos, que contribuyen al levantamiento del potencial de los recursos vegetales, así como a los planes de recuperación y conservación de la vegetación. Así, a partir de una revisión integradora, el presente trabajo buscó recopilar información sobre cómo se están desarrollando los trabajos etnobotánicos sobre plantas medicinales, así como sobre las principales especies y familias botánicas con potencial medicinal descritas, en relevamientos realizados en áreas de caatinga ubicadas en la región semiárida del Nordeste. Para ello, se seleccionaron artículos publicados entre los años 2010 y 2022 que abordaran la temática relacionada. Se consideraron trabajos publicados en formato de artículos originales, disponibles en línea, gratuitos y completos, en portugués e inglés. Estos artículos fueron consultados en diferentes bases de datos. El análisis integrador mostró las características de las publicaciones, como la concentración de estudios dirigidos a los estados de Bahía, Paraíba y Pernambuco, además de demostrar una rica diversidad de plantas medicinales que son utilizadas por la población de la región semiárida del nordeste, destacándose, principalmente, los conocimientos tradicionales sobre sus formas de uso y propiedades terapéuticas.

Questão ambiental e o uso dos conhecimentos das populações tradicionais: a arena de disputa entre os interesses do mercado e da proteção da natureza / Environmental Issues and the use of knowledge of traditional populations: the dispute between market interests and nature protection

O presente artigo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa bibliográfica que teve como objetivo realizar uma reflexão crítica sobre a relação entre a questão ambiental e a discussão internacional sobre sustentabilidade, evidenciando, a partir de acordos multilaterais da globalização econômica, a geopolítica internacional de interesses contraditórios defendidos no âmbito da Convenção sobre a Diversidade Biológica (CDB) e o Acordo sobre Aspectos Comerciais Relativos aos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ­ TRIPS), estabelecido pela Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Entre os principais resultados, aponta-se que os princípios de proteção da natureza e dos conhecimentos das populações tradicionais estabelecidos na CDB estão em confronto com os interesses do sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual na arena de disputa pelo acesso aos recursos da natureza e ao conhecimento das populações tradicionais pela indústria mundial de biotecnologia

This article presents the results of a bibliographical research, which aimed tocarry out a critical reflection on the relationship between the environ-mental issue and the international discussion on sustainability, highlighting, from multilateral agreements on economic globalization, the international geopolitics of contradictory interests defended within the scope of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the intellectual property agreement (TRIPS) established by the World Trade Organization (WTO). Among the main results, it is pointed out that the principles of protecting nature and the knowledge of traditional populations established in the CBD are in conflict with the interests of the international intellectual property system, through the dispute for access to natural resources and knowledge of traditional populations by the global biotechnology industry

Estudio etnobotánico con estudiantes de grado 5° de la escuela rural mixta el Colorado, del resguardo indígena de Cohetando, Páez, Cauca / Ethnobotanical study with students of 5th grade of the mixed rural school el Colorado, of the indigenous Resguardo of Cohetando, Páez, Cauca

RESUMEN Uno de los desafíos más complejos que enfrenta la escuela es la articulación de los saberes culturales con los currículos escolares. De esta manera, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo reconocer la flora útil, las categorías etnobotánicas y de estimar si existe una diferencia entre las especies utilizadas, según su origen (silvestre o cultivado), en estudiantes de Grado 5° de la Escuela Rural Mixta El Colorado, del Resguardo Indígena de Cohetando, municipio de Páez, Cauca. El proceso metodológico se realizó bajo un enfoque mixto; lo cualitativo, desde el método etnográfico, haciendo uso de técnicas, como la observación participante, recorridos etnobotánicos y entrevista semiestructuradas; lo cuantitativo, se llevó a cabo a partir de un análisis multivariado, utilizando el índice de Jaccard, para estimar la similitud entre las categorías etnobotánicas; asimismo, se realizó un análisis de varianza (ANOVA), para estimar si existe diferencias significativas entre el origen de las especies. A partir de lo anterior, los estudiantes reportaron 81 especies de plantas útiles, agrupadas en seis categorías etnobotánicas, siendo ornamentación y medicinal y alimenticia, las más relevantes, por número de especies. En cuanto al origen, se encontró una diferencia significativa, en cuanto al mayor número de usos para las especies cultivadas, respecto a las silvestres. Finalmente, se evidencia el alto grado de conocimiento que tienen los estudiantes sobre la flora, así como la importancia para su Resguardo Indígena, como un símbolo de resistencia, que permite salvaguardar la memoria histórica.

ABSTRACT One of the most complex challenges faced in the school is the articulation of cultural knowledge with school curricula. Thus, this research aimed to recognize the useful flora, the ethnobotanical categories, and to estimate if there is a difference between species according to their origin (wild and/or cultivated) according to the knowledge constructed by the 5th grade students of the Mixed Rural School El Colorado, of the Indigenous Resguardo of Cohetando, municipality of Páez, Cauca. The methodological process was carried out under a mixed approach, the qualitative from the ethnographic method, making use of techniques such as participant observation, ethnobotanical tours and semi-structured interviews. The quantitative part was carried out from a multivariate analysis, using Jaccard's index to estimate the similarity between the ethnobotanical categories; likewise, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to estimate if there are significant differences between the origin of the species and the origin of the species. From the above, students reported 81 useful plants grouped into six ethnobotanical categories, being ornamentation, and medicinal and food the most relevant by number of species. In terms of origin, a significant difference was found for the cultivated category with respect to the wild category. Finally, the high degree of knowledge that the students have about the useful flora is evident, as well as the importance for their Indigenous Reservation as a symbol of resistance that allows safeguarding the historical memory.

Taking the development of Kampo medicine as a mirror, analyze the status quo of protection of Traditional Chinese Medicine knowledge / 国际中医中药杂志

In China and abroad, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) have been applied and developed. That is depended on doctors and scholars of the past dynasties to inseparable from the inheritance, protection, development, and innovation of Traditional Knowledge of Chinese Medicine. With the progress of modern society and people's awareness of traditional culture protection, people are also improving the understanding of TCM. Through the analysis of the situation and significance of the protection of Traditional Knowledge of Chinese Medicine and the development of Japanese Kampo medicines, recognized that the development of Kampo medicines ignored the source. Their original intention and purpose of protection the Traditional Knowledge of Medicine are completely different from China. The protection of Traditional Knowledge of Chinese Medicine should be in accordance with the basic national conditions, and the system of the protection of Traditional Knowledge of Chinese Medicine should be formulated and perfected to ensure the sustainable development of TCM.

Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants used by a traditional community in Brazil's northeastern / Estudo etnobotânico e etnofarmacológico de plantas medicinais utilizadas por uma comunidade tradicional do nordeste brasileiro

The aim of this research is to make a survey of the socio-environmental characteristics and the ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in a traditional community in the Brazilian Northeast, Alagoas. The study was made based on visits with the application of a questionnaire with questions related to the socio-economic element and on the diversity of plants used in herbal medicine. The research was made from March/2019 to February/2020, where families and interviewed plant exhibitors were interviewed for botanical identification. The studied community, which were 24 interviewees, was compiled by residents of the Quilombola community from Pau D'arco in Arapiraca city - Alagoas. Residents interviewed, 15 (62.5%) attended between 56 to 80 years, 11 interviewees about 46% were born in the community and 13 (54%) had a fundamentally incomplete nature. At the end, there were mentioned 30 plant species used for phytotherapeutic purposes, from which presents bigger usage as plants against arterial hypertension (Salvia rosmarinus Schleid), diabetes Mellitos (Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth), pain and inflammation (Alternanthera tenella Colla), present the biggest number of species in the community. The species cited are related to numerous medicinal uses, among which there will be predominant associations associated with cardiovascular and inflammatory processes. The tea is the main way of preparing plants. It is perceived that medicinal plants are only widely used by this Quilombola community of and growth of the crops in the backyard are considered a tradition.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento das características socioambientais e estudo etnobotânico de plantas medicinais utilizadas por uma comunidade tradicional do nordeste brasileiro, Alagoas, Brasil. O estudo se deu por meio de visitas com aplicação de um questionário contendo perguntas relacionadas aos fatores socio-econômicos e sobre a diversidade das plantas utilizadas como medicinais. O trabalho foi realizado no período de março/2019 a fevereiro/2020, onde foram entrevistadas famílias e catalogadas amostras de plantas para identificação botânica. A população estudada, com 24 entrevistados, foi composta por moradores da comunidade Quilombola Pau D'arco da cidade de Arapiraca - Alagoas. Dos moradores entrevistados, 15 (62,5%) apresentavam idade entre 56 e 80 anos, 11 dos entrevistados cerca de 46%, são naturais da comunidade e 13 (54%) possuíam ensino fundamental incompleto. Ao todo, foram citadas 30 espécies de plantas utilizadas para fins terapêuticos, das quais apresentam maior utilização as plantas contra a hipertensão arterial (Salvia rosmarinus Schleid), diabetes Mellitos (Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth), dor e inflamação (Alternanthera tenella Colla). As espécies citadas estão relacionadas a inúmeras utilizações medicinais, entre os quais predominaram as doenças associadas ao aparelho cardiovascular e processos inflamatórios. O chá é principal forma de preparo das plantas. Percebe-se que as plantas medicinais são amplamente utilizadas por essa comunidade quilombola e o cultivo no quintal é considerado uma tradição.

Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants used by a traditional community in Brazil's northeastern / Estudo etnobotânico e etnofarmacológico de plantas medicinais utilizadas por uma comunidade tradicional do nordeste brasileiro

The aim of this research is to make a survey of the socio-environmental characteristics and the ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in a traditional community in the Brazilian Northeast, Alagoas. The study was made based on visits with the application of a questionnaire with questions related to the socio-economic element and on the diversity of plants used in herbal medicine. The research was made from March/2019 to February/2020, where families and interviewed plant exhibitors were interviewed for botanical identification. The studied community, which were 24 interviewees, was compiled by residents of the Quilombola community from Pau D'arco in Arapiraca city - Alagoas. Residents interviewed, 15 (62.5%) attended between 56 to 80 years, 11 interviewees about 46% were born in the community and 13 (54%) had a fundamentally incomplete nature. At the end, there were mentioned 30 plant species used for phytotherapeutic purposes, from which presents bigger usage as plants against arterial hypertension (Salvia rosmarinus Schleid), diabetes Mellitos (Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth), pain and inflammation (Alternanthera tenella Colla), present the biggest number of species in the community. The species cited are related to numerous medicinal uses, among which there will be predominant associations associated with cardiovascular and inflammatory processes. The tea is the main way of preparing plants. It is perceived that medicinal plants are only widely used by this Quilombola community of and growth of the crops in the backyard are considered a tradition.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento das características socioambientais e estudo etnobotânico de plantas medicinais utilizadas por uma comunidade tradicional do nordeste brasileiro, Alagoas, Brasil. O estudo se deu por meio de visitas com aplicação de um questionário contendo perguntas relacionadas aos fatores socio-econômicos e sobre a diversidade das plantas utilizadas como medicinais. O trabalho foi realizado no período de março/2019 a fevereiro/2020, onde foram entrevistadas famílias e catalogadas amostras de plantas para identificação botânica. A população estudada, com 24 entrevistados, foi composta por moradores da comunidade Quilombola Pau D’arco da cidade de Arapiraca - Alagoas. Dos moradores entrevistados, 15 (62,5%) apresentavam idade entre 56 e 80 anos, 11 dos entrevistados cerca de 46%, são naturais da comunidade e 13 (54%) possuíam ensino fundamental incompleto. Ao todo, foram citadas 30 espécies de plantas utilizadas para fins terapêuticos, das quais apresentam maior utilização as plantas contra a hipertensão arterial (Salviaros marinus Schleid), diabetes Mellitos (Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth), dor e inflamação (Alternanthera tenella Colla). As espécies citadas estão relacionadas a inúmeras utilizações medicinais, entre os quais predominaram as doenças associadas ao aparelho cardiovascular e processos inflamatórios. O chá é principal forma de preparo das plantas. Percebe-se que as plantas medicinais são amplamente utilizadas por essa comunidade quilombola e o cultivo no quintal é considerado uma tradição.

Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants used by a traditional community in Brazils northeastern

Abstract The aim of this research is to make a survey of the socio-environmental characteristics and the ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in a traditional community in the Brazilian Northeast, Alagoas. The study was made based on visits with the application of a questionnaire with questions related to the socio-economic element and on the diversity of plants used in herbal medicine. The research was made from March/2019 to February/2020, where families and interviewed plant exhibitors were interviewed for botanical identification. The studied community, which were 24 interviewees, was compiled by residents of the Quilombola community from Pau Darco in Arapiraca city - Alagoas. Residents interviewed, 15 (62.5%) attended between 56 to 80 years, 11 interviewees about 46% were born in the community and 13 (54%) had a fundamentally incomplete nature. At the end, there were mentioned 30 plant species used for phytotherapeutic purposes, from which presents bigger usage as plants against arterial hypertension (Salvia rosmarinus Schleid), diabetes Mellitos (Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth), pain and inflammation (Alternanthera tenella Colla), present the biggest number of species in the community. The species cited are related to numerous medicinal uses, among which there will be predominant associations associated with cardiovascular and inflammatory processes. The tea is the main way of preparing plants. It is perceived that medicinal plants are only widely used by this Quilombola community of and growth of the crops in the backyard are considered a tradition.

Resumo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento das características socioambientais e estudo etnobotânico de plantas medicinais utilizadas por uma comunidade tradicional do nordeste brasileiro, Alagoas, Brasil. O estudo se deu por meio de visitas com aplicação de um questionário contendo perguntas relacionadas aos fatores socio-econômicos e sobre a diversidade das plantas utilizadas como medicinais. O trabalho foi realizado no período de março/2019 a fevereiro/2020, onde foram entrevistadas famílias e catalogadas amostras de plantas para identificação botânica. A população estudada, com 24 entrevistados, foi composta por moradores da comunidade Quilombola Pau Darco da cidade de Arapiraca - Alagoas. Dos moradores entrevistados, 15 (62,5%) apresentavam idade entre 56 e 80 anos, 11 dos entrevistados cerca de 46%, são naturais da comunidade e 13 (54%) possuíam ensino fundamental incompleto. Ao todo, foram citadas 30 espécies de plantas utilizadas para fins terapêuticos, das quais apresentam maior utilização as plantas contra a hipertensão arterial (Salvia rosmarinus Schleid), diabetes Mellitos (Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth), dor e inflamação (Alternanthera tenella Colla). As espécies citadas estão relacionadas a inúmeras utilizações medicinais, entre os quais predominaram as doenças associadas ao aparelho cardiovascular e processos inflamatórios. O chá é principal forma de preparo das plantas. Percebe-se que as plantas medicinais são amplamente utilizadas por essa comunidade quilombola e o cultivo no quintal é considerado uma tradição.

Aproximación al uso y aprovechamiento de insectos comestibles en las comunidades indígenas del oriente amazónico colombiano / Approach to the use of edible insects by indigenous communities of the eastern Colombian amazon

Resumen En la Amazonía colombiana, los insectos constituyen un recurso natural abundante, el cual es aprovechado mediante el consumo de especies comestibles. Históricamente, los pueblos indígenas son entomofágicos y han incluido a insectos y otros artrópodos en sus dietas. En el presente estudio, se analiza el uso tradicional de insectos comestibles en las comunidades del oriente amazónico de Colombia. Durante el período de agosto 2020 a marzo 2021, se realizaron entrevistas abiertas y semi-estructuradas a habitantes del municipio de Mitú (Vaupés) y de 41 comunidades indígenas aledañas, las cuales indagaron sobre la percepción, aprovechamiento y comercialización de insectos comestibles. De acuerdo con su valor de uso, Rhynchophorus palmarum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Syntermes spinosus (Blattodea: Termitidae), Atta laevigata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Lusura chera (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) y Polybia liliacea (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), constituyen las especies de insectos comestibles más representativas de la región. Para cada especie se estableció su calendario ecológico y se documentaron sus técnicas y métodos de recolecta, sus formas tradicionales de preparación y consumo, y sus actividades de comercialización. Se resalta el potencial de las especies de insectos comestibles analizadas para el fortalecimiento de estrategias de uso sostenible direccionadas a mejorar la seguridad alimentaria de la población y el mantenimiento de los conocimientos tradicionales de las comunidades.

Abstract In the Colombian Amazon, insects are an abundant natural resource, and part of the use of this resource is the consumption of some edible species. Historically, indigenous peoples are entomophagic and have included insects and other arthropods in their diets. In this paper, the traditional use of edible insects in the communities of the eastern Amazon of Colombia is analyzed. During August 2020 to March 2021, opened and semi-structured interviews carried out with inhabitants of the municipality of Mitú (Vaupés) and 41 surrounding indigenous communities were applied, inquiring about the perception, use and commercialization of edible insects. According to its use value, Rhynchophorus palmarum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Syntermes spinosus (Blattodea: Termitidae), Atta laevigata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Lusura chera (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae), and Polybia liliacea (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), are the most representative species of edible insects in the region. For each species, its ecological calendar was established, and its collecting techniques and methods, traditional forms of preparation and consumption, and marketing activities were documented. The potential of the edible insect species documented is highlighted to promote sustainable use strategies, with the aim of improving the food security of the population and maintaining the traditional knowledge of these communities.

Dinámica ambiental en la Eco-región Lachuá: una representación espacial desde la perspectiva de los guardarecursos / Environmental dynamics in Lachuá Ecoregión: a spatial representation from park rangers perspective

El mapeo participativo es una modalidad de interacción horizontal entre los actores implicados en procesos de toma de decisiones, que tiene como finalidad la representación gráfica del territorio. Para ello, se combina la percepción local con herramientas modernas de cartografía. Con la finalidad de documentar la percepción espacial de los guardarecursos del Parque Nacional Laguna Lachuá (PNLL) con relación a la dinámica de la biodiversidad actual en la Eco-región Lachuá, se utilizó la herramienta del mapa hablado durante un taller con los 11 guardarecursos del parque en 2018. Los mapas de la Eco-región se dividieron en cuatro zonas: Noreste (NE), Sureste (SE), Suroeste (SO) y Noroeste (NO), dentro del PNLL como en la zona de amortiguamiento. Se contabilizaron los elementos favorables y desfavorables para la biodiversidad reportadas para cada zona. Se comparó la información proporcionada por los guardarecursos con las imágenes satelitales de la Eco-región mediante un análisis de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). De esta manera, se brinda un enfoque integral para comprender los patrones del paisaje actual, ya que estos son resultado de procesos socio-económicos y políticos que culminaron en conflictos del manejo de la tierra y los recursos. Se identificó que en el PNLL los elementos desfavorables más reportados fueron los cultivos, carreteras y asentamientos humanos. En la zona de amortiguamiento los elementos desfavorables corresponden a los cultivos, (p.ej.: palma africana) y los asentamientos humanos. Además, las áreas con mayor cobertura boscosa son las zonas NE y NO en el PNLL.

Participatory mapping facilitates horizontal interaction among interested parties in decision-making processes, which pursues the graphic representation of the territory. This technique unifies local perception with modern cartography. It eases communication and has been used to document spatial representations and resource management thus, integrating tools such as a Geographic Information System (GIS) might facilitate solutions in land conflicts and community governance. In this article, we share the findings regarding the spatial perception biodiversity dynamics of park rangers in National Park Laguna Lachuá (PNLL) during a workshop in 2018, documented through the "talking maps" tool. To analyze each map, we used GIS sofware, by dividing the PNLL and its buffer zone into four quadrants: Northeast (NE), Southeast (SE), Southwest (SO), and Northwest (NO). We registered every record reported by the park rangers from a list of positive and negative elements that have an effect on biodiversity. We then compared the information reported with spatial layers in GIS to evaluate which elements were detectable and viceversa. This is relevant since participatory mapping allows a more integral understanding of landscape patterns than GIS on its own and given the fact that the actual landscape is the result of several socio-economic and political processes that have created land and resource management conflicts. We identified that the unfavorable elements inside the PNLL are agriculture, roads, and human settlements, and in the buffer zone were agriculture, African palm, and human settlements. The quadrants with more forest cover corresponded to NE and NO inside the park.

Asteráceas medicinales en dos comunidades andinas del sur del Perú: Quinua (Ayacucho) y Lircay (Huancavelica) / Medicinal asteraceas in two Andean communities in southern Peru: Quinua (Ayacucho) and Lircay (Huancavelica)

The aim of this research was conducted an ethnobotanical study of wild asteraceas for medicinal use in two Andean communities of southern Peru, located in Quinua (Ayacucho) and Lircay (Huancavelica) districts. Samples of Asteraceae family were collected and semistructured interviews were conducted to 191 informants (105 in Quinua and 86 in Lircay). Likewise, the cultural importance of each of the species was calculated. 28 genera and 44 species of medicinal wild asteraceae are registered in both communities; 33 species in Quinua and 35 in Lircay. All the species were classified within 18 medicinal subcategories, being the affections of the digestive and genitourinary system which presented the highest number of species and use reports. The Asteraceae of greater cultural importance for both communities is Ambrosia arborescens "marko". The main conclusión is that communities studied still maintain the medicinal use of asteraceas until today.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo realizar un estudio etnobotánico de las asteráceas silvestres de uso medicinal en dos comunidades andinas del sur del Perú: los distritos de Quinua (Ayacucho) y Lircay (Huancavelica). Se recolectaron muestras de la familia Asteraceae y se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 191 pobladores (105 en Quinua y 86 en Lircay). Asimismo, se calculó la importancia cultural de cada una de las especies. Se registran 28 géneros y 44 especies de asteráceas silvestres medicinales en ambas comunidades; 33 especies en Quinua y 35 en Lircay. Todas las especies fueron clasificadas dentro de 18 subcategorías medicinales, siendo las afecciones del sistema digestivo y genitourinario las que presentaron el mayor número de especies y los mayores reportes de uso. La Asteraceae de mayor importancia cultural para ambas comunidades es Ambrosia arborescens "marko". Se concluye que las comunidades en estudio aún mantienen vigente el uso medicinal de las asteráceas.

Ruta biocultural de conservación de las semillas nativas y criollas en el territorio indígena de Puracé, Cauca / Biocultural route for the conservation of native and creole seeds in the indigenous territory of Puracé, Cauca

RESUMEN Buscar la conservación de los sistemas productivos tradicionales en el territorio de Puracé implicó identificar los principales factores que los han afectado y definir estrategias, que posibiliten su conservación. En el resguardo, el esfuerzo de conservación, se realiza a través de una organización, de hecho, que pertenece al cabildo indígena, denominada custodios de semillas. Por esta razón, el trabajo se focalizó con ellos, con quienes se realizaron talleres, entrevistas y trabajo de campo, que involucraron observación participante, etnografías, caracterización etnobotánica y análisis cartográficos, lo que llevó a generar una Ruta biocultural de conservación de las semillas nativas y criollas. Se identificaron 156 semillas, que fueron etnoclasificadas, 90 de uso culinario, 37 medicinales, 16 usadas para alimento y medicina y 13 con otros usos; los factores bioculturales que afectan la conservación, se agruparon en 5 categorías; el relevo generacional es el principal factor cultural, sobre el cual, es necesario trabajar para la conservación de las semillas nativas y criolla, por lo que constituye el eje estructurante de la Ruta que se propuso.

ABSTRACT Seeking the conservation of traditional production systems in the Puracé reservation, implied identifying the main factors that have affected them and defining strategies that enable their conservation. In the reservation, the conservation effort is carried out through an organization in fact that belongs to the indigenous council, called custodians of seeds. For this reason, the work was focused on them, with whom workshops, interviews and field work were carried out that involved participant observation, ethnographies, ethnobotanical characterization and cartographic analysis, leading to establish the need to generate a biocultural route for the conservation of native seeds. and Creoles. 156 seeds were identified that were ethnoclassified, 90 for culinary use, 37 medicinal, 16 used for food and medicine, and 13 for other uses; The factors that affect conservation were grouped into 5 categories, the generational change is the main factor on which it is necessary to work is conservation, constituting the structuring axis of the Route that was proposed.

Ethnomedicinal plants by the Subanen of Barangay Lake Duminagat, Mindanao Island, Philippines

Background@#In this modern age of technological advancements, traditional herbal medicine still takes an integral part in an array of medical and scientific studies that deal with drug discoveries and drug development. In the Philippines, ethnomedicinal studies involving different cultural communities have already been conducted. However, these studies focused mostly on well-known tribes whereas knowledge of the many less-known indigenous groups is still untapped. The Subanen is one of this group who resides in Barangay Lake Duminagat situated on Mindanao Island. The Subanen is considered as one of the most prominent of the Lumad or non-Muslim indigenous cultural communities. Prior studies about the medicinal ethnobotany of the Subanen were already recorded but most of these were from Ozamis City, Zamboanga del Norte, and Zamboanga del Sur. Traditional knowledge from this tribe was passed on from generation to generation through oral communication but the lack of proper documentation poses a threat to this valuable information. @*Objective@#This study was conducted to document the herbal remedies used by the Subanen and identify the plants according to their common name, scientific name, family, habit of growth, plant parts used, modes of preparation, mode of application, and ailments treated. @*Methodology@#Ethnomedicinal information was gathered from 35 respondents through key informant interviews and focused group discussions conducted in Barangay Lake Duminagat, Mt. Malindang, Philippines. @*Results@#Thirty-two plants distributed to 21 families were documented as medicinal plants used by the Subanen respondents to treat various ailments in their community. Asteraceae was the most represented followed by Lamiaceae with seven and three species each, respectively. As to the plant habit, out of the 32 species, 20 plant species are herbs, thus, constituting the highest portion, followed by four tree species, four species of shrub, three species of grass, and one fern species. Leaves were the most frequently utilized (60.7%), followed by roots (19.6%), and whole plant (10.7%). Plants prepared as herbal medicines are utilized in different ways such as decoction, infusion, poultice, heated, chewed, or as extract but the highest mentioned was decoction. As to the mode of utilization, orally administered decoction (27.3%) through drinking ranked the highest. For the Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), the highest was calculated for Pletcranthus sculletarioides (1.49), followed by Psidium guajava (0.83), and Kalanchoe pinnata (0.80). Lastly, for the Use Value (UV), the result varied from 0.03 to 0.25 with an average UV value of 0.06. The highest UV was calculated for Pletcranthus sculletarioides (UV=0.23). @*Conclusion@#Compared to previously conducted studies between the years 2014 to 2019, fewer ethnomedicinal plants were recorded in this particular area. This might imply that the ethnomedicinal knowledge of this specific Subanen community is slowly eroding.

Traditional practices of the ethnoveterinary plants in the Kaghan Valley, Western Himalayas-Pakistan / Prácticas tradicionales etnoveterinarias de las plantas en el valle de Kaghan, Himalaya occidental Pakistán

Introduction: Indigenous people in a far-flung mountainous area without basic facilities, mainly rely on medicinal plants to cope with various veterinary health problems. Objective: The present study was carried out to explore the traditional knowledge of ethnoveterinary practices in Kaghan Valley, district Mansehra, Western Himalayas-Pakistan. Method: Ethnoveterinary data were collected between February to October 2014 from nine villages of the Kaghan Valley by involving 80 local people include traditional healers using a semi-structured interview. Results: A sum of 41 plant taxa of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants was documented for treating livestock ailments. Out of which, herbaceous plants were recorded with high percentage (27 species, 65.8 %). Most of the species were used to treat gastrointestinal diseases (12 taxa), followed by health improvement (7 taxa). The widely used part of plants for livestock aliments was the whole plant (9 species) followed by leaves (7 species), and preparation were paste (18 species) followed by powder with 10 species. The highest used values were recorded for Arisaema costatum (0.82), Primula denticulata (0.76), and high relative frequency citations for Berberis lyceum and Dryopteris ramosa with 0.37 each. Among the plant species Skimmia laureola, Thymus linearis and Phytolacca latbenia were among the taxa with cent fidelity level. Conclusion: The flora used in traditional remedies of the valley was found mostly endemic due to excessive utilization. Thus, further chemical investigation, better utilization and conservation of indigenous use of the reported species should be considered for future work.

Introducción: Los pueblos indígenas de zonas montañosas lejanas sin facilidades básicas dependen principalmente de las plantas medicinales para afrontar problemas de salud de tipo veterinario. Objetivo: Explorar el conocimiento tradicional en las prácticas etnoveterinarias en el valle de Kaghan, distrito de Mansehra, Himalaya occidental-Pakistán. Métodos: Se recopilaron datos etnoveterinarios mediante una entrevista semiestructurada entre febrero y octubre de 2014 en nueve aldeas del valle de Kaghan, con la participación de 80 habitantes locales, incluidos curanderos tradicionales. Resultados: Se documentó un total de 41 taxones de plantas medicinales etnoveterinarias para el tratamiento de enfermedades del ganado. Se registró un alto porcentaje de plantas herbáceas (27 especies, 65.8 %). La mayoría de las especies utilizadas han sido para tratar enfermedades gastrointestinales (12 taxones), y mejora de la salud (7 taxones). Para el tratamiento de enfermedades del ganado, lo más usual fue utilizar la planta entera (9 especies), seguida de las hojas (7 especies), con preparación en pasta (18 especies) y en polvo (10 especies). Las especies registradas con más uso fueron: Arisaema costatum (0.82), Primula denticulata (0.76) y Berberis lyceum y Dryopteris ramosa con la misma alta frecuencia relativa (0.37 cada una). Las especies Skimmia laureola, Thymus linearis y Phytolacca latbenia se reportaron entre los taxones con mayor nivel de fidelidad porcentual. Conclusión: La flora utilizada en los remedios tradicionales del valle de Kaghan fue mayoritariamente endémica. Se propone para trabajos futuros mayor investigación química, y mayor utilización y conservación en las especies de plantas reportadas por los indígenas.

Juventude rural e vivências da sexualidade / Rural youth and their experiences with sexuality

Resumo O artigo apresenta os sentidos atribuídos por jovens rurais às vivências da sexualidade. Desde a perspectiva sociológica, seguindo as pistas analíticas da teoria da estruturação, realizamos uma pesquisa de ordem qualitativa, na qual ganha destaque a linguagem como meio de acesso à subjetividade dos depoentes. A investigação foi realizada em Orobó, Pernambuco, Brasil. Participaram 27 jovens estudantes, com idades entre 15 e 29 anos. Concluímos que, na orientação da vida sexual, mais do que os conhecimentos adquiridos no universo acadêmico por onde transitam, prevalecem crenças e valores adquiridos na comunidade rural durante a trajetória de vida desses jovens.

Abstract This article presents the meanings attributed to experiences with sexuality by rural youth. This qualitative study from a sociological perspective follows the analytical lines of structuration theory, highlighting language as a means of accessing the subjectivity of the interviewees. The research was conducted in Orobó, Pernambuco, Brazil and involved 27 students aged 15 to 29. We conclude that in terms of sexual orientation, the beliefs and values acquired in the rural community by these young people prevailed over knowledge they acquired in the academic universe during the trajectory of their lives.

Estudio etnozoológico de los vertebrados silvestresde la comunidad Bonifacio García, Morelos, México / Ethnozoological study of wild vertebrates of the Bonifacio Garcia community, Morelos, Mexico

Resumen El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar el conocimiento etnozoológico que conservan de los vertebrados silvestres los habitantes de la comunidad Bonifacio García en Morelos, México. Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 30 informantes clave, mediante la observación participante y recorridos guiados se buscaron rastros como huellas, excretas, madrigueras, pieles y observación in vivo para la identificación de las especies citadas y se calcularon los siguientes índices: valor de diversidad de uso para cada especie (VDE) y de uso medicinal (VDM), así como el índice de diversidad de las enfermedades tratadas (IVDE). Se reportan 41 especies de vertebrados que los entrevistados reconocen, de los cuales 28 son aprovechados: mamíferos 39.3%, aves 32%, reptiles 18%, peces 7.1% y anfibios 3.6%. Los principales valores de uso fueron alimentario (0.54), medicinal (0.46) y ornamental (0.43). El venado cola blanca, la iguana negra y la víbora de cascabel registraron 0.57 de VDE y un VDM de 0.19. Las principales enfermedades tratadas son: cáncer, afecciones respiratorias, enfermedades de la piel y reumatismo con un IVDE de 0.17. La apropiación de los vertebrados silvestres se lleva a cabo por medio de la cacería de subsistencia en el campo (50%), terrenos de cultivo (43%) y el traspatio (7%) utilizando con mayor frecuencia escopeta como arma de captura. Se concluye que la apropiación de vertebrados permite complementar necesidades básicas de alimentación y salud; por lo que los conocimientos etnozoológicos deben de integrarse a políticas públicas que permitan la conservación y manejo de la fauna silvestre en la comunidad.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the ethnozoological knowledge that the inhabitants of the Bonifacio García community, Morelos, Mexico, conserve about wild vertebrate. Semi-structured interviews were applied to 30 key informants, through participant observation and guided tours, traces such as footprints, excreta, burrows and pelts and in vivo observation were researched for the identification of the mentioned species and the following indexes were calculated: value of diversity of use for each species (VDS) and of medicinal uses (DVM), as well as the diversity index of the treated diseases (DITD). The study recorded a total of 42 wild vertebrate species, of these 28 are used: mammals 39.3%, birds 32%, reptiles 18%, fish 7.1% and amphibia 3.6%. The main use values were alimentary (0.54), medicinal (0.46) and ornamental (0.43). The white-tailed deer, the black iguana and the rattlesnake registered 0.57 of VDS and a DVM of 0.19. The main diseases treated are cancer, respiratory and skin diseases and rheumatism with an DITD of 0.17. The animals are obtained by means of subsistence hunting in the fields (50%), croplands (43%) and backyards (7%), using most frequently shotguns as arms for capture. We conclude that the appropriation of vertebrates complements basic needs for food and health; therefore, ethnozoological knowledge must be integrated into public policies that enable the conservation and management of wild fauna in the community.

Mexico's Biocultural Diversity in Peril

Introduction: Places with high species diversity have high linguistic diversity, whereas areas with low species diversity tend to have low linguistic diversity. Objective: To characterize the intriguing relationship between biological and cultural diversity, a correlation that has been discussed at a global scale, but here tested for the first time in Mexico. Methods: We compiled exhaustive databases on both endangered species and endangered languages, and reviewed available literature on Mexico's biocultural diversity with a focus on endangered and critically endangered species and languages. Results: With 364 living languages, Mexico is the world's fifth most linguistically diverse country, but 64 of these languages are facing a very high risk of disappearance and 13 have already disappeared. Mexico is also the fourth most biologically diverse country, but 1 213 species of its flora and fauna are threatened with extinction and at least 127 species were recently extinct. Conclusions: Indigenous peoples are custodians of much of the world's biocultural diversity. As the world grows less linguistically and culturally diverse, it is also becoming less biologically diverse. Mexico's biological and linguistic diversity show strong geographic overlap, with the states of Oaxaca, Chiapas, Veracruz, Guerrero, and Michoacán harboring most species and most languages. Similarly, Mexico's biodiversity hotspots mirror language hotspots, and areas with the highest number of endangered species overlap with areas where the endangerment of languages is also the highest.

Introducción: Lugares con diversidad de especies alta contienen diversidad lingüística alta, mientras que áreas con diversidad de especies baja tienden a contener diversidad lingüística baja. Objetivo: Caracterizar las relaciones entre la diversidad biológica y la diversidad cultural, una correlación que ha sido examinada a escala global pero que en este trabajo es comprobada por primera vez para México. Métodos: Recopilamos bases de datos extensas sobre las especies y las lenguas en peligro de extinción, y revisamos la literatura disponible sobre la diversidad biocultural de México, con énfasis en las especies y lenguas en peligro y en peligro crítico de extinción. Resultados: Con 364 lenguas vivas, México es el quinto país más diverso lingüísticamente hablando, pero 64 de estas lenguas están en muy alto riesgo de desaparecer y 13 ya desaparecieron. México también es el cuarto país más biodiverso, pero 1 213 especies de su flora y fauna están amenazadas de extinción y al menos 127 desaparecieron recientemente. Conclusiones: Los pueblos indígenas son custodios de mucha de la diversidad biocultural del mundo. A medida que el mundo se vuelve menos diverso lingüística y culturalmente, también se vuelve menos diverso biológicamente. La diversidad biológica y lingüística de México muestran una marcada superposición geográfica, y los estados de Oaxaca, Chiapas, Veracruz, Guerrero y Michoacán son los que más especies y lenguajes albergan. De manera similar, los sitios en donde la biodiversidad está en mayor peligro también corresponden con los sitios en donde las lenguas lo están, y las áreas con el mayor número de especies en peligro traslapan con las áreas en donde las lenguas están en mayor peligro.

Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants used in communities of the Soure Marine Extractive Reserve, Pará State, Brazil / Etnobotánica y etnofarmacología de plantas medicinales utilizadas en las comunidades de la Reserva Extractiva Marina de Soure-Pará, Brasil

The study of the relationship between man and nature can reveal the potential of plant resources. In the present study we used non-probabilistic sampling and snowball technique in communities of the Soure Marine Extractive Reserve-Pará, namely, Caju-Úna Community, Céu Settlement, and Pesqueiro Village, in order to analyze the medicinal plants used by these peoples, focusing on the diversity, consensual use and cultural importance of species, and providing ethnopharmacological information available in the scientific literature. To this end, participant observation, semi-structured interviews and free lists were used, as well as ethnobotanical indices and scientific studies retrieved from databases. We identified 90 species, among which Ruta graveolens, Maytenus obtusifolia and Libidibia ferrea stood out. The species were distributed in 50 families, mainly Lamiaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae. The most frequent diseases treated with these plants, mainly with preparations in the form of teas, were flu, inflammations and stomach problems. The Caju-Úna Community had the highest indices of total species diversity and evenness. Nine species stood out in the consensus factor and importance value and pharmacological studies corroborated 35% of the popular indications.

El estudio de la relación entre el hombre y la naturaleza puede revelar el potencial de los recursos vegetales. En el presente estudio utilizamos técnicas de muestreo no probabilístico y de bola de nieve en las comunidades de la Reserva Extractiva Marina de SourePará, que incluyeron a la Comunidad Caju-Úna, el Establecimiento de Céu y el Pueblo de Pesqueiro, ello con el propósito de analizar las plantas medicinales utilizadas por estos pueblos. El estudio se centró en la diversidad, el uso consensual y la importancia cultural de las especies, sobre la base de información etnofarmacológica disponible en la literatura científica. Con este fin, se utilizaron observaciones de los participantes, entrevistas semiestructuradas y información de acceso libre, así como índices etnobotánicos y estudios científicos obtenidos de bases de datos. Se identificaron 90 especies, entre las que destacan Ruta graveolens, Maytenus obtusifolia y Libidibia ferrea. Las especies se distribuyeron en 50 familias, principalmente Lamiaceae, Asteraceae y Fabaceae. Las enfermedades más frecuentes tratadas con estas plantas, principalmente mediante infusiones fueron gripe, inflamaciones y problemas estomacales. La comunidad de Caju-Úna tuvo los índices más altos de diversidad y uniformidad total de especies. Se destacaron 9 en el factor consenso y valor de importancia, y los estudios farmacológicos corroboraron el 35% de las indicaciones populares.

As parteiras tradicionais e a medicalização do parto na região rural do Amazonas / Traditional midwives and medicalization of childbirth in a rural area of Amazonas / Las parteras y la medicalización del parto en la región rural de Amazonas

Resumo Em comunidades rurais da Amazônia o saber partejar faz parte do domínio de algumas mulheres. No entanto, a ampliação do acesso à Saúde Pública aumentou a medicalização do parto, o que ressignifica o papel das parteiras. Este trabalho discute o papel das parteiras nesse contexto, as práticas e as técnicas tradicionais em uma região do Amazonas. O aprendizado do partejar acontece na adolescência e na juventude, as jovens são iniciadas no ofício acompanhando as parteiras mais velhas. Constatamos também que as parteiras exercem importante papel na decisão sobre o encaminhamento das mulheres para o parto nos hospitais das cidades, além do acompanhamento durante a gravidez, às vezes parto e puerpério. Dessa forma, continuam fazendo parte da rede de pessoas que se dedicam aos cuidados com o parto, na qual mais recentemente passaram a interagir práticas tradicionais e conhecimentos médico-científicos.

Abstract In rural Amazonian communities, midwifery is still part of some women's knowledge. However, the expansion of access to the public health system has increased the medicalization of childbirth, which re-signified the role of midwives. This paper discusses the role of midwives in this context, their traditional practices and techniques. Midwifery learning happened in adolescence and youth, young women were initiated in the practice while accompanying older midwives. We also found that midwives play an important role in decisionmaking about referral of pregnant women to deliver their babies in city hospitals, in addition they also play an important role during pregnancy, and sometimes in the delivery and puerperium. Therefore, they continue to be part of the network of caregivers, where more recently there has been interaction between traditional practices and scientific medical knowledge.

Resumen En comunidades rurales de la Amazonía saber atender partos forma parte del dominio de algunas mujeres. Sin embargo, la ampliación del acceso a la Salud Pública en la Amazonia aumentó la medicalización del parto, lo que resignificó el papel de las parteras. Este trabajo discute la partería en ese contexto, sus prácticas y técnicas tradicionales en una región del Amazonas. El aprendizaje de la partería se produjo en la adolescencia y la juventud, las jóvenes se iniciaron en el oficio acompañando a las parteras más viejas. También constatamos que las parteras ejercen un importante papel en la decisión sobre el encaminamiento de las mujeres para el parto en los hospitales de las ciudades, además del acompañamiento durante el embarazo, a veces parto y puerperio. De esta forma, continúan formando parte de la red de personas que se dedican a los cuidados con el parto, donde más recientemente pasaron a interactuar prácticas tradicionales y conocimientos médicos científicos.

Exploring threatened traditional knowledge; ethnomedicinal studies of rare endemic flora from Lesser Himalayan region of Pakistan

ABSTRACT Himalayas are one among the world biodiversity hotspots harboring many endemic medicinal plants. Despite augmentation in the documentation of ethnopharmacological knowledge of medicinal plant species, information regarding endemic species is still underway. Current paper highlights the traditional medicinal uses of rare endemic and unexplored group of plants having potential for novel chemical constituents with effective pharmacological activities. In total, 142 informants (91 male and 51 female) including seventeen traditional healers were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire, personal observations and group discussions. Interviews were taken in field or otherwise photographs were shown for identification. Females were interviewed indirectly through male family members. For data analysis, quantitative analytical approach was adopted using ethnopharmacological indices as Relative frequency of citations and Fidelity Level. In total, 38 endemic plant species belonging to nineteen families were utilized by the local inhabitants. Highest number of endemics was belonging to Ranunculaceae (7), followed by Gentianaceae and Rosaceae (4 each) with respect to number of species. Highest number of endemics was used in fever, wound healing, throat infection and tonic (4 species each). Root was the most widely used part (36.17%) in cure of diseases and the leading mode administered was decoction (25.49%). Highest use reports and RFC values were recorded for Pimpinella stewartii (58 citations, 0.41 RFC), Caltha alba var. alba (52 citations, 0.37 RFC). Endemic plant species considerably contribute toward ethnomedicinal knowledge and despite rarity, the communities prefer their utilization. Conservation of endemics is necessary for future availability to the local communities.